Stephen Hawking, a world renowned scientist, was born on January 08, 1942, in Oxford, England.Stephen Hawkins went on to become a world leading scientist, awarded the Hughes Medal in 1976, and the Albert Einstein Award and Medal in 1978 and 1979 respectively. He was not only a developer of scientific theories, but he was a children’s books author as well.Stephen Hawking believed that improving technology was critical to humanity’s existence, but he was also concerned about artificial intelligence research (A.I.). ‘In addition to the benefits, A.I. will offer risks, such as strong autonomous weapons or new ways for the few to control the many,’ he remarked in 2014, at the introduction of Cambridge University’s Center for the Future of Intelligence. Hawking was particularly interested in the topic because, despite his concerns about where artificial intelligence might lead, he has benefited significantly from breakthroughs in the field. Hawking began communicating by clenching his cheek in 2005. A machine learning algorithm turned these cheek movements into sound utilizing technology that could detect them, steadily improving in consistency and speed at the machine algorithm learned from the speech patterns of Hawking.Stephen Hawking was of the opinion that there is no heaven. The scientist had a pragmatic view around death. He used to associate the living brain with a computer, as it will stop working after the other components fail. He believed that no heaven exists and that people have created this concept just to protect the human race from the dark. Stephen Hawking later clarified that he wasn’t referencing to a creator in the conventional sense in various interviews and publications, such as The Grand Design.Hawking received numerous awards for his contributions to physics. In 1974, he was recognized as one of the Royal Society’s youngest fellows. In 1977, he was named professor of gravitational physics at Cambridge, and in 1979, he was named to the Lucasian professorship of mathematics at Cambridge, a position previously held by Isaac Newton. Stephen Hawking was appointed a Companion of Honor in 1989 and a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1982. In 2006, the Royal Society awarded him with the Copley medal, and in 2009, the Presidential Medal of Freedom was given to him by the United States. In 2008, he accepted a visiting research chair at Waterloo, Ontario, Canada’s Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics.Stephen believed in a ‘impersonal God,’ but not in one who created the universe. In his book ‘A Brief History of Time’, Hawking evoked the name of God, stating that physicists might see ’the mind of God’ if they could find a ’theory of everything’ - that is, a coherent explanation for how the world operates. Stephen Hawking told TIME following the book’s release that using terminology about God is more symbolic than literal.The Life History of Stephen HawkingStephen William Hawking grew up in a family which considered education to be vitally important. Both of his parents were from Oxford University, and they surrounded their home and family life with books and a drive to study and learn. Their daily dinner routine used to be very silent.In his teenage years, Stephen Hawkins and his friend created a computer using an old clock, switchboards and, a number of recycled items. He used to get called ‘Einstein’ by his friends. When Stephen Hawking reached the age of 17, he started to study physics and chemistry at Oxford University. But mentioned that the first year of college was very boring for him.He later went to Cambridge University, after graduating from Oxford University, to pursue cosmology (study of the origin of the universe). He was married twice (to second wife Elaine Mason after leaving Jane Wilde) and had three children in total.But life had another plan for him, when he reached the age of 21, he developed terminal motor neurone disease and was told he had two years to live.Gradually, he developed problems with doing basic tasks, like walking, talking, and eating. He gradually stopped being able to walk freely and started using sticks and crutches. But day by day, his illness became worse, and he had to shift to the electric wheelchair to perform daily tasks. He was called notorious in university for driving his chair very fast and annoying the students and staff.He developed influential theories around the origin and formation of the universe and black holes, and widened our understanding of the concepts of the universe. Stephen always wanted to share his work and help others.In the year 1985, Stephen Hawking developed an infection that could end his life. He recieved an emergency operation that saved his life, but caused him to lose the ability to talk. He then was given a unique kind of computer to help him communicate without being able to speak. He used to control this computer using the muscles of his cheek.He has written many books that helped to explain his complex theories to people who do not hail from a science background. A famous book of Stephen’s named ‘A Brief History of Time’ was a best-selling book. He has received a lot of awards for his work, that includes the 1979 Albert Einstein Medal, the Wolf Prize of 1988, and the Order of the British Empire in 1982. He is still remembered as an inspiration to not just scientists, but also to common people as well.Famous Discoveries And Theories1970 – SingularitiesEinstein’s theory of gravity also mentions singularities, which are regions where space-time seems to be indefinitely curved. Singularities could form in black holes, as proved by Roger Penrose.Later, Stephen Hawking finished ground breaking research on singularities and extended it to the rest of the universe, suggesting that singularities are created by gravitation. He also claimed that Einstein’s big bang concept foresaw a singularity.Black Hole Mechanics Laws – 1971-72Stephen Hawking first established the equations of black hole mechanics. The total surface area of a giant black hole can not shrink, according to his first law. Another term for it is the Hawking area theorem. Black holes are exceedingly hot, according to a different law.Theory of Cosmic Inflation – 1982Cosmic inflation, as postulated by Alan Guth in 1980, is a scenario wherein the Universe increases exponentially following the big bang. Stephen Hawking is among the first scientists to contemplate the quantum fluctuations, that are the minor deviations in distributions of matter, resulting in the expansion of galaxies in the Universe.Universe’s Wave Function Model – 1983Stephen Hawkins wanted to develop a quantum theory of gravity. In 1983, he and James Hartle published a model dubbed the Hartle-Hawking state. Time was not even a factor of consideration before the big bang event, according to this theory, and hence the idea of the universe’s beginning is meaningless. The Universe has no inherent time or space constraints.His famous book ‘A Brief History of Time’ was published in 1988.This book has talked about a range of cosmological subjects, such as the black holes, light cones, and the big bang, among others. This book broke the previous record of 237 weeks on The Sunday Times best-seller list, to become the best-selling book in the United Kingdom.Top-Down Cosmology Theory – 2006Stephen Hawkins and Thomas Hertog presented the ’top-down cosmology’ idea in 2006, which states that the Universe is made up of a lot of superpositions with several initial conditions rather than a unique initial state. Several other volumes have been published, including The Universe in a Nutshell (2001).Books By Stephen HawkingNot only theories, but Stephen Hawking has also written many books too.Books-A Brief History of TimeThe Grand DesignBrief Answers to the Big QuestionsThe Universe in a Nutshell A Briefer History of TimeThe Theory of Everything: The Origin and Fate of the UniverseBlack Holes and Baby Universes and Other EssaysThe Illustrated A Brief History of Time/The Universe in a NutshellMy Brief HistoryBlack Holes: The Reith LecturesOn the Shoulders of Giants: The Great Works of Physics and AstronomyGod Created the Integers: The Mathematical Breakthroughs That Changed HistoryThe Nature of Space and TimeStephen Hawking’s a Brief History of Time: A Reader’s CompanionThe Future of SpacetimeUnlocking the UniverseThe Dreams That Stuff Is Made Of: The Most Astounding Papers of Quantum Physics–and How They Shook the Scientific WorldA Stubbornly Persistent Illusion: The Essential Scientific Works of Albert EinsteinThe Large Scale Structure of Space-TimeStephen Hawking’s Life Works: The Cambridge LecturesHawking on the Big Bang and Black HolesTheories of the UniverseAwards Won By Stephen HawkingStephen Hawking was the recipient of numerous awards and honors. He received the CBE in 1982, the Companion of Honor in 1989, and the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1993. He was then awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1985. In 1987, he was awarded the Dirac Medal of the Institute of Physics and in 1988 he was awarded Wolf Prize in Physics. Many accolades, medals, and prizes have been bestowed upon him, including the Fundamental Physics Prize (2013), the Copley Medal (2006), and the Wolf Foundation Prize (1988). Stephen was a member of the US National Academy of Sciences and the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, the Royal Society. He was awarded the Prince of Asturias Award, in 1989 for Concord award.In 1974, he was awarded a Fellow of the Royal Society, putting him at the top of the list (FRS). Stephen Hawking’s other notable contributions include the interpretation of cosmic findings and the development of gravitational wave sensors.Hawking and Viatcheslav Mukhanov earned the 2015 BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in Basic Sciences for demonstrating that galaxies were generated in the early Universe by quantum fluctuations. Stephen Hawking also received the lifetime achievement award ‘for his contributions to the field of science and British culture’ at the 2016 Pride of Britain Awards. He was also given the Special Fundamental Physics Prize in 2012.
Stephen Hawking, a world renowned scientist, was born on January 08, 1942, in Oxford, England.
